Environmental Impact - Soil/water effects

Belnap, J. (2002). Impacts of off-road vehicles on nitrogen cycles in biological soil crusts: resistance in different U.S. deserts. Journal of Arid Environments 52: 155-165.

Abstract

Thirty percent of the United States consists of semi-arid or arid landscapes. Human use has increased exponentially in most arid and semi-arid lands of the United States since the late 1800s. Historically, most of this use has been livestock grazing in areas where water was accessible; more recently, substantial increases in off-road vehicle and hiking activity have greatly expanded direct human use both spatially and temporally.

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